{"id":3348,"date":"2024-01-18T17:02:09","date_gmt":"2024-01-18T16:02:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/scrittura-araba-bellezza-e-perfezione-della-lingua-sacra-dellislam\/"},"modified":"2024-04-23T17:35:39","modified_gmt":"2024-04-23T15:35:39","slug":"arabic-script","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/arabic-script\/","title":{"rendered":"Arabic script: beauty and perfection of the sacred language of Islam"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/arabic-script\/#about_arabic_script\" >About Arabic script<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/arabic-script\/#the_bond_with_the_sacred\" >The bond with the sacred<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/arabic-script\/#reforms_and_graphic_embellishment\" >Reforms and graphic embellishment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/arabic-script\/#the_art_of_master_calligraphers\" >The art of master calligraphers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>Arabic script has a complex history<\/strong>. From the dawn of Islam to the modern era, it has undergone a long and irregular transformation that has made it <strong>one of the most elegant languages<\/strong> in the world.<\/p>\n<p>The artistic manifestations born from Arabic calligraphy are innumerable: from the <strong>beautiful verses<\/strong> handwritten in the Koran to the <strong>mural squiggles<\/strong> that have filled the walls during the uprisings of the Arab Spring.<\/p>\n<p>The Arab world boasts immense cultural and artistic richness, of which Arabic script is part. Its history is deeply and inevitably intertwined with religion. For Muslims, it is the <strong>language of divine revelation<\/strong>, and its &#8220;sacred&#8221; nature is the true reason behind the origin of Arabic calligraphic art.<\/p>\n<p>From these premises some questions arise spontaneously: what changes has Arabic writing undergone over the centuries? What is its relationship with canons of beauty? And how was Arabic calligraphic art born? In the next paragraphs we will try to shed light on each of these points.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"about_arabic_script\"><\/span><strong>About Arabic script<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Before starting to deal with about Arabic script, it is first necessary to know some of its main characteristics. Arabic is based on a <strong>consonant system, perhaps of Aramaic origin, made up of 28 graphemes<\/strong>. Therefore, its alphabet consists mainly of consonants, except for three vowels, which transcribe the sounds \/\u0101\/, \/\u012b\/, and \/\u016b\/. To these vowels are added three more, corresponding to \/a\/, \/i\/, and \/u\/, which are not always reported in the text, but, when present, are indicated by specific graphic signs.<\/p>\n<p>Arabic script <strong>does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters<\/strong>. It is, in fact, based on a cursive system made up of characters that intertwine with each other as if they formed part of a single thread that tangles and untangles. Each character is linked to the adjacent ones, except for six graphemes: <em>alif<\/em>, <em>dal<\/em>, <em>dhal<\/em>, <em>ra\u2019<\/em>, <em>zay<\/em> and <em>waw<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Actually, to write in Arabic, it is <strong>not necessary to remove the pen from the paper<\/strong>; its tip rises only after the aforementioned letters (because they do not connect to the following ones), or when adding the dot (or dots), called &#8220;diacritics&#8221; in technical jargon, above, below or at the center of some graphemes.<\/p>\n<p>This peculiarity of Arabic derives from slight variations in the shape of its graphemes, which change according to their position (initial, middle or final) in the words. Last but not least: <strong>Arabic writing is drawn and read from right to left<\/strong>, unlike Western languages.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the_bond_with_the_sacred\"><\/span><strong>The bond with the sacred<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The flourishing of Arabic script is marked by the death of Muhammad, the last Prophet of Islam, in 632 AD. His disappearance made it urgent to fix the message of the divine revelation, which, otherwise, would have been subject to dangerous alterations in oral transmissions. <strong>Writing became the means through which to preserve the word of Allah<\/strong>, a sacred verb revealed and transmitted in Arabic.<\/p>\n<p>As a direct and absolute expression of the language of God, it was, and is, <strong>felt as a beautiful entity<\/strong>. Arabic calligraphy is seen, to quote the words of Campanini, a leading Italian expert on Arab culture, as &#8220;the supreme and sublime art of Islam&#8221;.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4365\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4365\" style=\"width: 576px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4365\" src=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Quran_rzabasi1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"576\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Quran_rzabasi1.jpg 726w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Quran_rzabasi1-300x248.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4365\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Reza Abbasi Museum (Wikimedia Commons); Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Since <strong>the Koran is the divine verb<\/strong>, it is not only recited, but also beautifully decorated. The Islamic art most widespread and cherished by Muslims, not surprisingly, is linked to the <strong>embellishment of the sacred text of Islam<\/strong>. It derives from obsequious religious adoration. Over the centuries, in fact, Arabic script has undergone a progressive aesthetic evolution.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reforms_and_graphic_embellishment\"><\/span><strong>Reforms and graphic embellishment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The first writing styles had 17 letters, compared to the current 28 (29, if we also consider the <em>hamza<\/em> grapheme), and the texts were not vocalized. This entailed the <strong>risk of confusing some letters<\/strong>, now clearly distinguished thanks to the diacritical signs, and, consequently, of compromising the correct reading of the texts, especially the Koran.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, script reforms that would resolve these ambiguities in reading became necessary. The first Arab conquests in the Umayyad era (661-750 AD) had led, in fact, to an incredible expansion of Islam from Egypt to India. The <strong>large number of new converts, many of whom were non-Arabic speakers<\/strong>, became the driving force behind this reformative intent, in order to guarantee a correct recitation (<em>qir\u0101&#8217;a<\/em>) of the message contained in the sacred text of Islam.<\/p>\n<p>A perfect reading of the Koran required complex knowledge of Arabic grammar and language. This is why, <strong>between the 7<sup>th<\/sup> and 8<sup>th<\/sup> centuries<\/strong>, some innovations were eventually introduced by Abu Aswad al-Duali, Nasr ibn &#8216;Asim, Yahya ibn Yamur and al-Farahidi. <strong>Diacritics and short vowel signs appeared for the first time<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aesthetic reforms<\/strong> followed the first ones. Some graphic styles of Arabic were <strong>canonized and made proportionate<\/strong> through mathematical measurements of the graphemes. Ibn Muqla, an Abbasid vizier of the 9<sup>th<\/sup>-10<sup>th<\/sup> century, was the inventor of an original system of script standardization (the <em>naskhi<\/em> style) for regularization needs in the technical and administrative fields.<\/p>\n<p>Ibn al-Bawwab and Yaqut al-Musta&#8217;simi were the authors of embellishment reforms. These two calligraphers managed to soften the graphemic features and make them more elegant and graceful, <strong>elevating the Arabic script to a suitable vehicle for the transmission of the sacred message<\/strong>. It was transformed into a &#8220;dress&#8221; worthy of its content.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the_art_of_master_calligraphers\"><\/span><strong>The art of master calligraphers<br \/>\n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The graphic beauty of Arabic continues to be valued today. Among the master calligraphers who have given the world the most memorable works, we must mention: the Moroccan <strong>Ahmed Cherkaoui<\/strong>, the Tunisian <strong>Nja Mahdaoui<\/strong>, and the Iraqi <strong>Hassan Massoudy<\/strong>. Their merits also lies in having experimented with a new fusion between Western and Arab art.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3314\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3314\" style=\"width: 437px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3313\" src=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Hassan-Massoudy-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"437\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Hassan-Massoudy-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Hassan-Massoudy-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Hassan-Massoudy-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Hassan-Massoudy-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Hassan-Massoudy.jpg 1037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3314\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hassan Massoudy. Source: Wikimedia Commons; <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:en:Creative Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/en:Creative_Commons\">Creative Commons<\/a> <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"creativecommons:by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International<\/a> license.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Cherkaoui has created colorful works with <strong>deep symbolic meaning<\/strong>, while Nja Mahdaoui has been defined as the \u201c<strong>choreographer of letters<\/strong>\u201d for his ability to create imaginative calligraphic compositions with Arabic letters. Finally, Hassan Massoudy has been able to <strong>combine poetic beauty with graphic art <\/strong>through the use of delicate calligraphic styles.<\/p>\n<p>Manifestations of Arabic calligraphic art, however, are not found, and should not be sought, only on canvas, but also in architecture, sculptures, and street art. Among the artists of the moment, it is worth mentioning <strong>El Seed<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/calligraffiti-di-el-seed\/\">click here to read the article<\/a>), author of splendid &#8220;calligraffiti&#8221;, i.e., artistic productions that blend calligraphic finesse and graffiti.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3303\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3303\" style=\"width: 452px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3302\" src=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-1024x678.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"452\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-1024x678.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-300x199.webp 300w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-768x509.webp 768w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-1536x1017.webp 1536w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-2048x1356.webp 2048w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-750x497.webp 750w, https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Murales-1140x755.webp 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3303\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">El Seed&#8217;s mural. Source: Ted Fellows.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Thanks to its expressive power and aesthetic delicacy, Arabic calligraphy lends itself to multiple uses in the artistic field and exerts its fascination throughout the world.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Stay up to date by following us on <a href=\"http:\/\/t.me\/ilNuovoMediterraneo\"><i>Telegram<\/i><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ilnuovomediterraneo\/\">Instagram<\/a>!<\/em><\/p>\n<div data-object_id=\"3348\" class=\"cbxwpbkmarkwrap cbxwpbkmarkwrap_guest cbxwpbkmarkwrap_user_cat cbxwpbkmarkwrap-post \"><a  data-redirect-url=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3348\/\"  data-display-label=\"1\" data-show-count=\"0\" data-bookmark-label=\"Aggiungi ai Preferiti\"  data-bookmarked-label=\"Rimuovi dai Preferiti\"  data-loggedin=\"0\" data-type=\"post\" data-object_id=\"3348\" class=\"cbxwpbkmarktrig  cbxwpbkmarktrig-button-addto ld-ext-left\" title=\"Bookmark This\" href=\"#\"><span class=\"cbxwpbkmarktrig-icon\"><\/span><span class=\"ld ld-ring ld-spin\"><\/span><span class=\"cbxwpbkmarktrig-label\" >Aggiungi ai Preferiti<\/span><\/a> <div  data-type=\"post\" data-object_id=\"3348\" class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguestwrap\" id=\"cbxwpbkmarkguestwrap-3348\"><div class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguest-message\"><div class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguest-message-head\"><span class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguest-message-head-label\">Please login to bookmark<\/span><a class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguesttrig_close\" role=\"button\" title=\"Click to close bookmark panel\/modal\" href=\"#\" ><i class=\"cbx-icon\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"18\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"6\" y2=\"18\"><\/line><line x1=\"6\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"18\"><\/line><\/svg><\/i><i class=\"sr-only\">Close<\/i><\/a><\/div><div class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguest-content\">\n<div class=\"cbx-chota\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"cbx-guest-wrap cbxwpbookmark-guest-wrap\"><div class=\"cbx-guest-login-wrap cbxwpbookmark-guest-login-wrap\"><form name=\"loginform\" id=\"loginform\" action=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/wp-login.php\" method=\"post\"><p class=\"login-username\">\n\t\t\t\t<label for=\"user_login\">Username or Email Address<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" name=\"log\" id=\"user_login\" autocomplete=\"username\" class=\"input\" value=\"\" size=\"20\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/p><p class=\"login-password\">\n\t\t\t\t<label for=\"user_pass\">Password<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"password\" name=\"pwd\" id=\"user_pass\" autocomplete=\"current-password\" spellcheck=\"false\" class=\"input\" value=\"\" size=\"20\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/p><p class=\"login-remember\"><label><input name=\"rememberme\" type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rememberme\" value=\"forever\" \/> Remember Me<\/label><\/p><p class=\"login-submit\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"submit\" name=\"wp-submit\" id=\"wp-submit\" class=\"button button-primary\" value=\"Log In\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"redirect_to\" value=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3348\/\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/p><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Arabic script has a complex history. From the dawn of Islam to the modern era, it has undergone a long and irregular transformation that has made it one of the most elegant languages in the world. The artistic manifestations born from Arabic calligraphy are innumerable: from the beautiful verses handwritten in the Koran to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div data-object_id=\"3348\" class=\"cbxwpbkmarkwrap cbxwpbkmarkwrap_guest cbxwpbkmarkwrap_user_cat cbxwpbkmarkwrap-post \"><a  data-redirect-url=\"https:\/\/ilnuovomediterraneo.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3348\/\"  data-display-label=\"1\" data-show-count=\"0\" data-bookmark-label=\"Aggiungi ai Preferiti\"  data-bookmarked-label=\"Rimuovi dai Preferiti\"  data-loggedin=\"0\" data-type=\"post\" data-object_id=\"3348\" class=\"cbxwpbkmarktrig  cbxwpbkmarktrig-button-addto ld-ext-left\" title=\"Bookmark This\" href=\"#\"><span class=\"cbxwpbkmarktrig-icon\"><\/span><span class=\"ld ld-ring ld-spin\"><\/span><span class=\"cbxwpbkmarktrig-label\" >Aggiungi ai Preferiti<\/span><\/a> <div  data-type=\"post\" data-object_id=\"3348\" class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguestwrap\" id=\"cbxwpbkmarkguestwrap-3348\"><div class=\"cbxwpbkmarkguest-message\"><div 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